River Salmon Fishing: Essential Tips for Anglers
Unveiling the Secrets of River Salmon: A Comprehensive Guide for Anglers
River salmon fishing is a challenging but rewarding pursuit that requires a combination of skill, knowledge, and gear. As the fish embark on their epic migrations upstream, they provide anglers with a unique opportunity to witness their strength and determination. Whether you’re a seasoned pro or just starting out, understanding their behaviors, choosing the right techniques and gear, and prioritizing safety can significantly increase your chances of success. In this guide, we’ll delve into the secrets of river salmon fishing, providing you with essential tips and insights to help you land that trophy catch and make your next fishing adventure an unforgettable experience.
Outsmarting these elusive fish calls for a deep understanding of their habits and preferences. Salmon are fascinating creatures, with complex life cycles and distinct feeding behaviors. By unraveling their secrets, you’ll gain a significant advantage, allowing you to anticipate their movements and tailor your approach accordingly. Our in-depth exploration of salmon behavior will guide you through their migration patterns, dietary choices, and seasonal variations, empowering you with the knowledge to outsmart even the wiliest fish.
1. Unveiling the Secrets of River Salmon Behavior
Unveiling the Secrets of River Salmon Behavior: Understanding salmon behavior is crucial for successful fishing. We delve into their migration patterns, feeding habits, and seasonal preferences, giving you the edge you need to outsmart these elusive fish.
Salmon are fascinating creatures, with complex life cycles and distinct feeding behaviors. By unraveling their secrets, you’ll gain a significant advantage, allowing you to anticipate their movements and tailor your approach accordingly. Our in-depth exploration of salmon behavior will guide you through their migration patterns, dietary choices, and seasonal variations, empowering you with the knowledge to outsmart even the wiliest fish.
Understanding salmon migration patterns is key to successful fishing. These fish undertake epic journeys, swimming hundreds of miles upstream to reach their spawning grounds. Their movements are influenced by a variety of factors, including water temperature, flow rate, and the availability of food. By studying these patterns, you’ll be able to predict when and where salmon are likely to be present, increasing your chances of a successful catch.
Life Cycle and Migration Patterns
Life Cycle and Migration Patterns
The life cycle of a salmon is fascinating and complex, involving both freshwater and saltwater environments. After hatching from eggs in freshwater streams, juvenile salmon, known as parr, spend several years in their natal rivers, feeding and growing. When they reach maturity, they undergo a physiological transformation called smoltification, which prepares them for their epic migration to the ocean.
Once in the ocean, salmon spend several years feeding and growing, reaching impressive sizes. When the time comes to spawn, they embark on their return journey to their freshwater birthplace. This migration is guided by a combination of instinct, olfaction, and magnetic cues. Along the way, they face numerous challenges, including predators, strong currents, and man-made obstacles.
The factors that influence salmon migration patterns are varied and complex. Water temperature, flow rate, and food availability all play a role in determining when and where salmon migrate. Additionally, salmon populations have evolved to adapt to the specific characteristics of their home rivers, resulting in distinct migration patterns for different populations.
Feeding Behavior and Diet Choices
Feeding Behavior and Diet Choices
Salmon are opportunistic feeders, with their diet varying depending on their life stage and the availability of food. As juveniles in freshwater, they primarily feed on insects, small crustaceans, and zooplankton. After migrating to the ocean, their diet expands to include small fish, squid, and other marine life.
When salmon return to freshwater to spawn, they typically stop feeding. However, some studies have shown that they may still consume small amounts of food during this time. The energy required for their spawning journey is primarily derived from the fat reserves they accumulated during their time in the ocean.
Understanding the salmon’s feeding preferences and techniques can give you an advantage when fishing. Matching your bait or lure to their natural prey can increase your chances of success. For example, using small spinners or spoons that imitate insects or small fish can be effective in freshwater. In the ocean, larger lures or baitfish that mimic the salmon’s marine diet may be more productive.
Seasonal Variations and Impact on Fishing
Seasonal Variations and Impact on Fishing
Salmon behavior is influenced by seasonal changes throughout the year. These changes can affect their feeding habits, migration patterns, and overall activity levels. Understanding these seasonal variations can help you identify the best fishing periods and adjust your strategies accordingly.
In spring, salmon typically begin their migration from the ocean to their freshwater spawning grounds. This is a great time to target salmon as they are actively feeding and building up their energy reserves for the journey ahead. As summer progresses, salmon continue their migration and become more focused on reaching their spawning grounds. Their feeding activity may decrease during this time, but they can still be caught using lures or bait that imitates their natural prey.
Fall is a popular time to fish for salmon as they are staging in rivers and streams, preparing to spawn. This can be a great time to catch large numbers of salmon, but it’s important to be aware of local regulations and fishing closures during spawning season. In winter, salmon are less active and typically do not feed. However, some anglers still target salmon during this time using techniques such as ice fishing.
2. Mastering the Art of River Salmon Fishing Techniques
Mastering the Art of River Salmon Fishing Techniques
Step up your fishing game and master the art of river salmon fishing with our expert techniques. Whether you’re a seasoned angler or just starting out, understanding the secrets of casting, retrieving, and setting the hook will significantly increase your chances of landing a trophy catch.
Casting Techniques for Different River Conditions
Mastering the art of casting is essential for successful river salmon fishing. Different river conditions require different casting techniques. In fast-moving water, use a short, powerful casting stroke to keep your line low to the water and avoid drag. In slower water, you can use a longer, more graceful casting stroke to achieve greater distance.
Retrieving Strategies to Entice Salmon
The way you retrieve your lure or bait can make all the difference in enticing a salmon to strike. Experiment with different speeds, depths, and actions to find what works best on the day. Salmon are often attracted to lures or bait that mimic the movement of their natural prey, so try to imitate the swimming patterns of insects, small fish, or crustaceans.
Expert Hook-Setting Techniques for Solid Connections
Setting the hook properly is crucial for a successful catch. When a salmon strikes, resist the urge to jerk the rod. Instead, use a smooth, sweeping motion to set the hook securely in the fish’s mouth. Keep the rod tip high and apply steady pressure to keep the fish from throwing the hook.
Effective Casting Techniques for Different River Conditions
Effective Casting Techniques for Different River Conditions
Mastering the art of casting in various river environments is essential for successful river salmon fishing. Different river conditions require different casting techniques to effectively present your lure or bait to the fish.
Strong Currents
When fishing in fast-moving water, use a short, powerful casting stroke to keep your line low to the water and avoid drag. This will help you maintain control of your lure or bait and prevent it from being swept away by the current. Additionally, use a heavier lure or weight to help your cast penetrate the current and reach the desired depth.
Overhanging Branches
Overhanging branches can be a challenge when casting, but with the right technique, you can effectively navigate these obstacles. Use a sidearm cast to avoid hitting the branches and get your lure or bait into the desired spot. Alternatively, you can use a roll cast, which involves rolling the line out on the water’s surface before lifting the rod tip and casting forward.
Varying Depths
To target salmon at different depths, adjust your casting distance and retrieve speed. For shallow water, cast your line closer to the bank and retrieve it quickly. For deeper water, cast your line further out and retrieve it more slowly, allowing the lure or bait to sink to the desired depth.
Retrieving Strategies to Entice Salmon
Retrieving Strategies to Entice Salmon
The way you retrieve your lure or bait can make all the difference in enticing a salmon to strike. Experiment with different speeds, depths, and actions to find what works best on the day. Salmon are often attracted to lures or bait that mimic the movement of their natural prey, so try to imitate the swimming patterns of insects, small fish, or crustaceans.
Speed
The speed of your retrieve can have a significant impact on whether or not a salmon will strike. In general, faster retrieves are more effective in faster-moving water, while slower retrieves are better in slower water. However, there are times when salmon will be more aggressive and will strike a lure or bait that is retrieved quickly, even in slow water.
Depth
The depth at which you retrieve your lure or bait can also be important. Salmon can be found at different depths depending on the time of year, water conditions, and food availability. If you’re not sure what depth to fish, start by retrieving your lure or bait near the surface and gradually work it deeper until you find the fish.
Action
The action of your retrieve can also be a factor in enticing a salmon to strike. Some lures and baits have a natural action that mimics the movement of prey fish, while others require the angler to add action by jerking or twitching the rod tip. Experiment with different actions to see what works best on the day.
Expert Hook-Setting Techniques for Solid Connections
Expert Hook-Setting Techniques for Solid Connections
Setting the hook properly is crucial for a successful catch. When a salmon strikes, resist the urge to jerk the rod. Instead, use a smooth, sweeping motion to set the hook securely in the fish’s mouth. Keep the rod tip high and apply steady pressure to keep the fish from throwing the hook.
Optimal Rod Position
The optimal rod position for setting the hook depends on the size of the fish and the type of lure or bait you are using. For smaller fish, you can hold the rod at a 45-degree angle to the water’s surface. For larger fish, you may need to hold the rod at a more vertical angle to apply more force.
Line Tension
Line tension is also important when setting the hook. Too much tension can cause the hook to pull out of the fish’s mouth, while too little tension can allow the fish to escape. The ideal line tension is just enough to keep the fish from throwing the hook, but not so much that it pulls the hook out.
Wrist Action
The wrist action you use when setting the hook is also important. A sharp, jerking motion can cause the hook to pull out of the fish’s mouth. Instead, use a smooth, sweeping motion that drives the hook home.
Mastering the art of hook-setting takes practice. But with the right technique, you’ll be able to set the hook solidly and land more fish.
3. Choosing the Right Gear for River Salmon Fishing Success
Choosing the Right Gear for River Salmon Fishing Success
Equip yourself with the essential gear to enhance your river salmon fishing experience. The right gear can make all the difference in your success, so it’s important to choose wisely. Here’s a guide to help you select the best rods, reels, lines, and lures for river salmon fishing.
Rods
For river salmon fishing, you’ll need a rod that is long enough to cast effectively and strong enough to handle the power of a salmon. A good all-around choice is a 9-foot, medium-heavy action rod. This type of rod will allow you to cast a variety of lures and baits and will have enough backbone to handle even the largest salmon.
Reels
A good reel for river salmon fishing should be able to hold plenty of line and have a smooth drag system. A spinning reel is a good choice for most anglers, as it is easy to use and can be used to cast a variety of lures and baits.
Lines
The type of line you use will depend on the type of fishing you are doing. For casting lures, a monofilament line is a good choice. It is relatively inexpensive and has good casting distance. For trolling, a braided line is a better choice, as it is stronger and more abrasion-resistant.
Lures
There are a variety of lures that can be used to catch salmon in rivers. Some of the most popular lures include spinners, spoons, and plugs. Spinners are a good choice for beginners, as they are easy to cast and retrieve. Spoons are a versatile lure that can be used to catch salmon at a variety of depths. Plugs are a good choice for imitating baitfish.
Selecting the Ideal Rod for River Salmon
Selecting the Ideal Rod for River Salmon
Choosing the right rod for river salmon fishing is essential for success. The rod should be long enough to cast effectively and strong enough to handle the power of a salmon. It should also be matched to the type of fishing you are doing and the target salmon species.
Rod Length
The length of the rod you choose will depend on the type of fishing you are doing. For casting lures, a longer rod will give you more distance and accuracy. For trolling, a shorter rod is more manageable and easier to control. A good all-around choice for river salmon fishing is a 9-foot rod.
Rod Action
The action of a rod refers to how it bends when pressure is applied. A fast-action rod bends only in the top third of the rod, while a slow-action rod bends throughout the entire rod. A fast-action rod is more sensitive and provides better hook-setting power, while a slow-action rod is more forgiving and helps to prevent fish from throwing the hook. For river salmon fishing, a medium-heavy action rod is a good choice.
Rod Materials
Rods are made from a variety of materials, including graphite, fiberglass, and bamboo. Graphite rods are lightweight and sensitive, but they can be more expensive than other types of rods. Fiberglass rods are more durable and less expensive than graphite rods, but they are also heavier and less sensitive. Bamboo rods are the most traditional type of rod, and they offer a unique combination of strength, flexibility, and sensitivity.
Choosing a Reel that Delivers Performance
Choosing a Reel that Delivers Performance
A good reel is essential for successful river salmon fishing. The reel should be able to hold plenty of line, have a smooth drag system, and be able to withstand the rigors of salmon fishing.
Drag System
The drag system is one of the most important features of a fishing reel. The drag system controls the amount of tension that is applied to the line when a fish is running. A good drag system will be smooth and consistent, and it will allow you to set the drag to the appropriate tension for the size of fish you are targeting.
Gear Ratio
The gear ratio of a reel refers to the number of times the spool rotates for each turn of the handle. A higher gear ratio will allow you to retrieve line more quickly, while a lower gear ratio will give you more power for fighting fish. For river salmon fishing, a gear ratio of 5:1 to 6:1 is a good choice.
Line Capacity
The line capacity of a reel is the amount of line that can be spooled onto the reel. The line capacity of a reel will vary depending on the size of the reel and the type of line you are using. For river salmon fishing, you will need a reel with a line capacity of at least 150 yards of 12-pound test line.
Matching Lines to Your River Salmon Fishing Needs
Matching Lines to Your River Salmon Fishing Needs
The type of fishing line you use can have a significant impact on your success. There are a variety of different types of fishing lines available, each with its own unique advantages and disadvantages. When choosing a fishing line for river salmon fishing, there are a few key factors to consider, including strength, visibility, and casting distance.
Strength
The strength of a fishing line is measured in pounds per test (lb. test). The lb. test of a line refers to the amount of weight it can hold before breaking. For river salmon fishing, you will need a line with a lb. test of at least 12 pounds.
Visibility
The visibility of a fishing line can be a factor in whether or not a salmon will strike. Salmon are more likely to strike a lure or bait that they can’t see. For this reason, it is often a good idea to use a clear or low-visibility fishing line.
Casting Distance
The casting distance of a fishing line is determined by its diameter and weight. A thinner line will cast farther than a thicker line, and a lighter line will cast farther than a heavier line. For river salmon fishing, you will want to use a line that has a good casting distance so that you can reach the fish that are holding in deeper water.
Lure Selection: Enticing Salmon to Strike
Lure Selection: Enticing Salmon to Strike
Choosing the right lure can make all the difference in your success when fishing for river salmon. There are a variety of different lures that can be effective, so it’s important to choose the right one for the conditions you’re fishing.
Spinners
Spinners are a classic choice for salmon fishing. They are versatile lures that can be fished at a variety of depths and speeds. Spinners consist of a metal blade that spins when retrieved, creating flash and vibration that attracts salmon.
Spoons
Spoons are another popular choice for salmon fishing. They are similar to spinners, but they have a more spoon-shaped blade. Spoons can be fished at a variety of depths and speeds, and they are often effective in clear water.
Plugs
Plugs are a type of lure that imitates a baitfish. They are typically made of wood or plastic, and they come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Plugs can be fished at a variety of depths and speeds, and they are often effective in murky water.
Flies
Flies are a type of lure that is tied to a hook. They are typically made of feathers, fur, or other materials, and they are designed to imitate insects or other small creatures that salmon eat. Flies are typically fished on a fly rod, and they can be very effective in clear water.
4. Essential Tips for River Salmon Fishing Safety
Essential Tips for River Salmon Fishing Safety
River salmon fishing can be a great way to enjoy the outdoors and catch some fish, but it’s important to remember that safety should always be your top priority. Here are a few essential tips to help you minimize risks and have a safe and enjoyable fishing trip:
Wading Techniques
If you’re planning on wading in the river, it’s important to do so safely. Wear proper wading gear, including a life jacket, waders, and wading boots. Be aware of the water conditions and avoid wading in areas with strong currents or slippery rocks. Use a wading staff for added stability, and always be aware of your surroundings.
Weather Awareness
Before you head out on your fishing trip, be sure to check the weather forecast and be prepared for changing conditions. If there’s a chance of thunderstorms, it’s best to stay off the river. If you’re caught in a storm, seek shelter immediately.
Emergency Preparedness
It’s always a good idea to be prepared for emergencies when you’re fishing. Bring a first-aid kit, a whistle, and a fire starter. Let someone know where you’re going and when you expect to be back.
Wading Techniques for Safe River Crossings
Wading Techniques for Safe River Crossings
Wading in rivers can be a great way to access fishing spots that are otherwise unreachable, but it’s important to do so safely. Here are a few techniques to help you cross currents, avoid slippery rocks, and spot potential hazards:
Crossing Currents
When crossing a current, it’s important to keep your feet planted firmly on the bottom and to lean into the current. Use a wading staff for added stability. Take small steps and be prepared to adjust your footing as needed. If the current is too strong, it’s best to find another crossing point.
Avoiding Slippery Rocks
Slippery rocks are a common hazard when wading in rivers. To avoid slipping, wear wading boots with good traction. Be aware of the rocks you’re stepping on and avoid stepping on any that are loose or covered in algae. If you do slip, try to regain your balance quickly and use your wading staff to help you stay upright.
Spotting Potential Hazards
Before you enter a river, take a moment to look for potential hazards, such as deep holes, underwater obstacles, and fast-moving currents. If you see any hazards, be sure to avoid them. It’s also a good idea to scout out a safe crossing point before you enter the river.
Understanding River Conditions and Weather Patterns
Understanding River Conditions and Weather Patterns
Before you head out on your river salmon fishing trip, it’s important to be aware of the river conditions and weather forecast. This information can help you make informed decisions about where and when to fish, and it can also help you avoid potential hazards.
River Conditions
River conditions can change rapidly, so it’s important to check the latest information before you go fishing. Factors to consider include water levels, currents, and temperature. High water levels can make wading dangerous, and strong currents can make it difficult to control your boat. Cold water temperatures can also be a hazard, so be sure to dress appropriately.
Weather Forecast
The weather forecast can also have a significant impact on your fishing trip. If there’s a chance of rain or thunderstorms, it’s best to postpone your trip. Strong winds can also make fishing difficult, and they can also be dangerous if you’re in a boat.
Assessing River Conditions
When you arrive at the river, take a few minutes to assess the conditions. Look for any hazards, such as downed trees or fast-moving currents. If you’re not sure about the conditions, it’s always best to err on the side of caution and stay out of the water.
Emergency Preparedness for River Salmon Fishing
Emergency Preparedness for River Salmon Fishing
Being prepared for emergencies is essential for any outdoor activity, and river salmon fishing is no exception. Here are a few essential safety gear, communication devices, and first aid knowledge that you should have on hand:
Safety Gear
- Life jacket: A life jacket is the most important piece of safety gear you can have when fishing in a river. It can keep you afloat if you fall in the water, and it can also help you stay warm in cold water.
- Waders: Waders will help keep you dry and warm when wading in the river. Be sure to choose waders that are the right size and that are made of a durable material.
- Wading boots: Wading boots will help you stay stable and prevent you from slipping on slippery rocks. Choose boots that have good traction and that are comfortable to wear.
- Whistle: A whistle can be used to signal for help if you get lost or injured.
- Fire starter: A fire starter can be used to build a fire if you need to stay warm or cook food.
Communication Devices
- Cell phone: A cell phone can be used to call for help in an emergency. Be sure to have a fully charged cell phone with you when you go fishing.
- Personal locator beacon (PLB): A PLB is a small, portable device that can be used to send a distress signal to search and rescue teams. PLBs are more reliable than cell phones in remote areas where there is no cell phone service.
First Aid Knowledge
- Basic first aid knowledge: It’s a good idea to have some basic first aid knowledge, such as how to treat cuts, scrapes, and sprains.
- First aid kit: A first aid kit can be used to treat minor injuries. Be sure to have a first aid kit with you when you go fishing.
5. Additional Resources for River Salmon Fishing Enthusiasts
Additional Resources for River Salmon Fishing Enthusiasts
In addition to the information provided in this article, there are a number of other resources available to help you enhance your river salmon fishing knowledge and skills. Here is a curated selection of websites, books, and forums that you may find helpful:
Websites
- The Fish and Wildlife Service provides a wealth of information on salmon fishing, including regulations, fishing techniques, and conservation efforts.
- The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides information on salmon populations, habitat, and research.
- The American Fisheries Society is a professional organization dedicated to the conservation and management of fisheries resources.
Books
- Salmon Fishing: The Ultimate Guide by Ray Ovington is a comprehensive guide to salmon fishing, covering everything from choosing the right gear to finding the best fishing spots.
- The Salmon Fly: A Complete Guide by John Shewey is a detailed guide to tying and fishing salmon flies.
- The River Book: A Guide to the Rivers of North America by Tom Palmer is a comprehensive guide to the rivers of North America, including information on salmon fishing.
Forums
- The Salmon Fishing Forum is a popular online forum where salmon anglers can share tips, techniques, and information.
- The Fly Fishing Forum is another popular online forum where salmon anglers can connect with each other.
- The Washington Fly Fishing Forum is a regional forum dedicated to fly fishing in Washington state, including salmon fishing.
Valuable Websites for River Salmon Fishing Information
Valuable Websites for River Salmon Fishing Information
In addition to the resources listed in the previous section, there are a number of other valuable websites that can provide you with information on river salmon fishing. Here is a collection of reputable websites that you may find helpful:
- The Fish and Wildlife Service provides a wealth of information on salmon fishing, including regulations, fishing techniques, and conservation efforts.
- The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides information on salmon populations, habitat, and research.
- The American Fisheries Society is a professional organization dedicated to the conservation and management of fisheries resources.
- The Salmon Fishing Forum is a popular online forum where salmon anglers can share tips, techniques, and information.
- The Fly Fishing Forum is another popular online forum where salmon anglers can connect with each other.
- The Washington Fly Fishing Forum is a regional forum dedicated to fly fishing in Washington state, including salmon fishing.
- The Oregon Fly Fishing Forum is a regional forum dedicated to fly fishing in Oregon, including salmon fishing.
- The California Fly Fishing Forum is a regional forum dedicated to fly fishing in California, including salmon fishing.
Must-Read Books for River Salmon Fishing Enthusiasts
Must-Read Books for River Salmon Fishing Enthusiasts
In addition to the websites and forums listed in the previous sections, there are a number of excellent books that can provide you with in-depth insights, historical accounts, and expert advice on river salmon fishing. Here are a few must-read books for river salmon fishing enthusiasts:
- Salmon Fishing: The Ultimate Guide by Ray Ovington is a comprehensive guide to salmon fishing, covering everything from choosing the right gear to finding the best fishing spots.
- The Salmon Fly: A Complete Guide by John Shewey is a detailed guide to tying and fishing salmon flies.
- The River Book: A Guide to the Rivers of North America by Tom Palmer is a comprehensive guide to the rivers of North America, including information on salmon fishing.
- The Salmon: A Fish, the River, and the People by Anthony Netboy is a classic work of natural history that explores the life cycle of the salmon and its relationship with humans.
- The Art of Angling by Roderick Haig-Brown is a collection of essays on fly fishing, including several chapters on salmon fishing.
Online Forums for Connecting with River Salmon Fishing Community
Online Forums for Connecting with River Salmon Fishing Community
Online forums are a great way to connect with a community of fellow river salmon fishing enthusiasts. You can share experiences, ask questions, and stay informed about the latest trends. Here are a few popular online forums dedicated to river salmon fishing:
- The Salmon Fishing Forum is a popular online forum where salmon anglers can share tips, techniques, and information.
- The Fly Fishing Forum is another popular online forum where salmon anglers can connect with each other.
- The Washington Fly Fishing Forum is a regional forum dedicated to fly fishing in Washington state, including salmon fishing.
- The Oregon Fly Fishing Forum is a regional forum dedicated to fly fishing in Oregon, including salmon fishing.
- The California Fly Fishing Forum is a regional forum dedicated to fly fishing in California, including salmon fishing.
These forums are a great resource for river salmon fishing enthusiasts of all levels. You can learn from experienced anglers, share your own experiences, and stay up-to-date on the latest techniques and trends.
What is the best time of year to go river salmon fishing?
The best time of year to go river salmon fishing varies depending on the region. In general, salmon are most active during the spring and fall, when they are migrating to and from their spawning grounds.
What are the most effective lures for river salmon fishing?
Some of the most effective lures for river salmon fishing include spinners, spoons, plugs, and flies. The best lure to use will vary depending on the conditions, such as the water clarity and the depth at which you are fishing.
What is the best way to set the hook when fishing for salmon?
When fishing for salmon, it is important to set the hook quickly and firmly. To do this, keep the rod tip high and apply steady pressure to the line. Do not jerk the rod, as this can cause the hook to pull out of the fish’s mouth.
What are the most important safety tips to keep in mind when river salmon fishing?
Some of the most important safety tips to keep in mind when river salmon fishing include: wearing a life jacket, being aware of the weather conditions, and being prepared for emergencies.
What are some good online resources for river salmon fishing enthusiasts?
There are a number of great online resources for river salmon fishing enthusiasts, including websites, forums, and books. Some of the most popular websites include the Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the American Fisheries Society.